Aerosol optical properties under different pollution levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China

To clarify the aerosol hygroscopic growth and optical properties of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,integrated observations were conducted in Heshan City of Guangdong Province from October 19 to November 17,2014.The concentrations and chemical compositions of PM_(2.5),aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters were measured.The mean value of PM_(2.5) increased from less than 35(excellent) to 35-75 μg/m~3(good) and then to greater than 75 μg/m~3(pollution),corresponding to mean PM_(2.5) values of 24.9,51.2,and 93.3 μg/m~3,respectively.The aerosol scattering hygroscopic growth factor(f(RH = 80%)) values were 2.0,2.12,and 2.18 for the excellent,good,and pollution levels,respectively.The atmospheric extinction coefficient(σext)and the absorption coefficient of aerosols(σ_(ap)) increased,and the single scattering albedo(SSA)decreased from the excellent to the pollution levels.For different air mass sources,under excellent and good levels,the land air mass from northern Heshan had lower f(RH) and σ_(sp) values.In addition,the mixed aerosol from the sea and coastal cities had lower f(RH) and showed that the local sources of coastal cities have higher scattering characteristics in pollution periods.     

建筑垃圾堆放点样本集构建与优化研究

为更好地解决手工制作的建筑垃圾堆放点样本集效率低、数据量少,难以支撑基于深度学习的遥感图像目标检测算法训练需求的问题,采用基于像素的遥感分类方法构建建筑垃圾堆放点样本集,在此基础上结合直方图均衡化,CS-LBP算子约束以及迁移学习的方法对Wasserstein生成对抗模型（WGAN）进行优化,实现了样本集扩充。研究结果表明:相对于纯手工制作的样本集,基于像素的遥感分类方法可以显著提升样本集制作的效率;同时,经过WGAN优化后,生成样本模拟了原始数据的颜色与纹理特征分布规律,增加了原始数据的多样性,满足了扩充样本集的需求。     

Phosphate recovery with granular acid-activated neutralized red mud: Fixed-bed column performance and breakthrough curve modelling

Granular acid-activated neutralized red mud (AaN-RM) has been successfully prepared with good chemical stability and physical strength. However, its potential for industrial application remains unknown. Therefore, the performance of granular AaN-RM for phosphate recovery in a fixed-bed column was investigated. The results demonstrated that the phosphate adsorption performance of granular AaN-RM in a fixed-bed column was affected by various operational parameters, such as the bed depth, flow rate, initial solution pH and initial phosphate concentration. With the optimal empty-bed contact time (EBCT) of 24.27 min, the number of processed bed volumes and the phosphate adsorption capacity reached 496.95 and 84.80 mg/g, respectively. Then, the saturated fixed-bed column could be effectively regenerated with a 0.5 mol/L HCl solution. The desorption efficiency remained as high as 83.45% with a low weight loss of 3.57% in the fifth regeneration cycle. In addition, breakthrough curve modelling showed that a 5-9-1 feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) could be effectively applied for the optimization of the fixed-bed adsorption system; the coefficient of determination (R²) and the root mean square error (RMSE) evaluated on the validation-testing data were 0.9987 and 0.0183, respectively. Therefore, granular AaN-RM fixed-bed adsorption exhibits promising potential for phosphate removal and recovery from polluted water.     

电解锰渣基方沸石的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附性能

以电解锰渣为原料,经过"弱酸除杂-碱融活化-室温陈化-晶化"水热合成反应体系,在分别外加铝源和硅源的条件下制备方沸石ANA-A及ANA-S,运用XRF、XRD、SEM-EDS和BET等表征手段对2种方沸石的化学组成、晶相结构、微观形貌和比表面积进行分析。结果表明:在煅烧温度750℃、合成温度180℃、水热反应时间8 h的条件下,外加铝源和硅源均可合成方沸石。进一步研究2种沸石对水溶液中Pb2+的静态吸附性能,其所合成的电解锰渣基ANA-A及ANA-S方沸石均可以很好地用Langmuir等温模型拟合,属于单分子层吸附,饱和吸附量分别为161.29,185.19 mg/g,对初始浓度为100 mg/L的Pb2+去除率分别为93.69%和95.47%,且均符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型,属于化学吸附;两者中ANA-S的吸附效果更好。     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域水质改善效果评价

分别采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数评价法和模糊综合评价法对2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域的水质改善效果进行评价分析。结果表明:3种方法的评价结果基本一致,2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域整体水质呈现改善趋势。但各方法侧重点有所不同。单因子评价结果显示,海河流域21项污染因子Ⅰ—Ⅲ类数量占比由2015年的69.63%增加至2018年的89.52%,劣Ⅴ类占比由2015年的15.13%减少至2018年的0.85%;海河流域综合污染指数由2015年的0.89降低至2018年的0.56,水质级别由中度污染改善为轻度污染,其中卫河、共产主义渠、大沙河、安阳河、汤河、马颊河的水质状况均有一定改善;模糊评价结果显示,NH₃-N和TP在9项评价因子中权重占比较大,是河南省辖海河流域的主要污染因子;2018年8条河流均达到Ⅰ—Ⅲ类水质。前2种评价方法适用于管理分析,模糊评价法可补充说明河流存在的问题,更适用于研究工作。     

纳米零价铁的制备技术及其应用研究进展

纳米零价铁（nZVI）因具有还原性强、粒径小、比表面积大等特性,对重金属及含卤有机污染物等具有良好的吸附特性和反应活性,在环境修复方面表现出较好的应用前景。但nZVI易氧化、团聚和机械强度低等不利因素限制了其大规模应用。系统比较了机械法、气体冷凝法及还原法制备nZVI技术的特点,重点总结表面改性、金属改性、载体负载和基质封装等手段制备改性nZVI的研究进展,及其在水体及土壤环境修复方面的应用。     

以牺牲阳极强化的电化学联用方法修复铬污染土壤

为解决重金属污染土在电动法修复过程中存在的聚焦效应问题,提出了牺牲铁阳极的电化学联用修复技术。在传统电动修复方法基础上增加电解液净化循环装置,优化Cr（Ⅵ）还原及沉淀所需技术参数,并与传统电动修复技术进行对比,探讨其修复效果及适用性。结果表明:迁出的Cr（Ⅵ）可在Fe2+作用下被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）并沉淀,pH、电压梯度、电流密度、电极面积均会影响其反应速率,电极距离对反应速率无直接影响,主要影响电解功率。Cr（Ⅵ）还原-沉淀反应的最佳技术参数为:pH值5~6.5,电压梯度0.8 V/cm,电流密度>6.67 mA/cm2,电极面积90 cm2,电极距离15 cm;较传统电动修复技术,以牺牲阳极强化铬污染土的电化学联用修复技术中,土壤室不同点位的去除率波动范围在10%,最高点位的去除率提高近24%,达93.4%。靠近阳极附近土体中Cr（Ⅵ）去除率从0.24%提高到80.38%。以牺牲阳极强化污染土的电化学联用修复方法不仅有效解决了重金属迁移的聚焦问题,而且有助于促进土中重金属污染物的整体性迁出。     

圆红冬孢酵母利用生物柴油副产物粗甘油产油脂的影响因素分析

以餐饮废油制备生物柴油的副产物粗甘油为碳源,采用圆红冬孢酵母发酵生产微生物油脂。通过对发酵影响因素的优化,确定了最适发酵条件为:种子复苏时长24 h、富集时长10 h、接种量为6%、初始粗甘油浓度为60 g/L、C/N为60、有机氮占总氮比例为75%、发酵体积为100 mL、发酵温度为30 ℃、发酵时间为6 d,在此条件下,获得总产油量为10.56 g/L,油脂产率为0.229。与无机氮源硫酸铵相比,有机氮源蛋白胨的添加显著提高了油脂含量和总产油量。通过测定油脂的脂肪酸成分并利用Hoekman方程估算所得生物柴油的性能指标,表明其符合中国、美国及欧盟标准。该方法既为粗甘油的再利用提供了一条新途径,又为生物柴油的生产提供了廉价的原材料。     

卤氧化铋光催化剂改性的研究进展及应用

随着全球环境问题与能源问题的不断加剧,人们迫切需要开发一些高效、环保、稳定的光催化剂。卤氧化铋(BiOX,X=Cl、Br、I)因其独特的层状结构,优异的光学、电学性能,在光催化领域受到了越来越多的关注。虽然BiOX光催化剂在光催化反应中展现出了优异性能,但其光催化效率仍有待提高。简要叙述了BiOX的结构与性能以及当前主流的制备方法,主要概述了最近几年卤氧化铋光催化剂改性的研究进展。改性方法主要有微结构调控、晶面与缺陷调控、掺杂、构造异质结等,这些方法主要是通过提高卤氧化铋或卤氧化铋复合物的光吸收能力、光生载流子的分离和运输效率、以及活性位点的暴露量来实现改性。介绍了其在环境、能源和生物等领域的应用,同时对BiOX的发展提出了问题和展望。